Mexican Independence in 1810 The Cry of Dolores

The Cry of Dolores is an expression associated with the 1810 Mexican revolt against the Spanish, a cry of sorrow and anger from a priest credited with beginning Mexicos struggle for independence from colonial rule. Father Hildalgos Cry On the morning of September 16, 1810, the parish priest of the town of Dolores, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, declared himself in open revolt against Spanish rule from the pulpit of his church, launching the Mexican War of Independence. Father Hidalgo exhorted his following to take up arms and join him in his fight against the injustices of the Spanish colonial system: within moments he had an army of some 600 men. This action became known as the Grito de Dolores or Cry of Dolores. The town of Dolores is located in what is today Hidalgo state in Mexico, but the word ​dolores  is the plural of dolor, meaning sorrow or pain in Spanish, so the expression also means Cry of Sorrows. Today Mexicans celebrate September 16 as their Independence Day in remembrance of Father Hidalgos cry. Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla In 1810, Father Miguel Hidalgo was a 57-year-old Creole who was beloved by his parishioners for his tireless efforts on their behalf. He was considered one of the leading religious minds of Mexico, having served as rector of the San Nicolas Obispo Academy. He had been banished to Dolores for his questionable record in the church, namely fathering children and reading prohibited books. He had suffered personally under the Spanish system: his family had been ruined when the crown forced the church to call in debts. He was a believer in the Jesuit priest Juan de Marianas (1536–1924) philosophy that it was lawful to overthrow unjust tyrants. Spanish Excesses Hidalgos Cry of Dolores ignited the tinderbox of long-standing resentment of the Spanish in Mexico. Taxes had been raised to pay for fiascoes like the disastrous (for Spain) 1805 Battle of Trafalgar. Worse still, in 1808 Napoleon was able to Spain, depose the king and place his brother Joseph Bonaparte on the throne. The combination of this ineptitude from Spain with long-standing abuses and exploitation of the poor was enough to drive tens of thousands of American Indians and peasants to join Hidalgo and his army. The Querà ©taro Conspiracy By 1810, Creole leaders had already failed twice to secure Mexican independence, but discontent was high. The town of Querà ©taro soon developed its own group of men and women in favor of independence. The leader at Queretaro was Ignacio Allende, a Creole officer with the local military regiment. The members of this group felt they needed a member with moral authority, a good relationship with the poor, and decent contacts in neighboring towns. Miguel Hidalgo was recruited and joined sometime in early 1810. The conspirators selected early December 1810 as their time to strike. They ordered weapons made, mostly pikes and swords. They reached out to royal soldiers and officers and persuaded many to join their cause. They scouted nearby royalist barracks and garrisons and spent many hours talking about what a post-Spanish society in Mexico would be like. El Grito de Dolores On September 15, 1810, the conspirators received the bad news: their conspiracy had been discovered. Allende was in Dolores at the time and wanted to go into hiding: Hidalgo convinced him that the right option was to take the rebellion forward. On the morning of the 16th, Hidalgo rang the church bells, summoning the workers from the nearby fields. From the pulpit he announced the revolution: Know this, my children, that knowing your patriotism, I have put myself at the head of a movement begun some hours ago, to wrest away power from the Europeans and give it to you. The people responded enthusiastically. Aftermath Hidalgo battled royalist forces right to the gates of Mexico City itself. Although his â€Å"army† was never much more than a poorly-armed and uncontrolled mob, they fought at the siege of Guanajuato, Monte de las Cruces and a few other engagements before being defeated by General Fà ©lix Calleja at the Battle of Calderon Bridge in January of 1811. Hidalgo and Allende were captured soon thereafter and executed. Although Hidalgo’s revolution was a short-lived one–his execution came only ten months after the Cry of Dolores–it nevertheless lasted long enough to catch fire. When Hidalgo was executed, there were already many in place to pick up his cause, most notably his former student Josà © Marà ­a Morelos. A Celebration Today, Mexicans celebrate their Independence Day with fireworks, food, flags, and decorations. In the public squares of most cities, towns, and villages, local politicians re-enact the Grito de Dolores, standing in for Hidalgo. In Mexico City, the President traditionally re-enacts the Grito before ringing a bell: the very bell from the town of Dolores rung by Hidalgo in 1810. Many foreigners mistakenly assume that May fifth, or Cinco de Mayo, is Mexico’s Independence Day, but that date actually commemorates the 1862 Battle of Puebla. Sources: Harvey, Robert. Liberators: Latin America’s Struggle for Independence. Woodstock: The Overlook Press, 2000.Lynch, John. The Spanish American Revolutions 1808-1826 New York: W. W. Norton Company, 1986.Scheina, Robert L. Latin America’s Wars, Volume 1: The Age of the Caudillo 1791-1899 Washington, D.C.: Brassey’s Inc., 2003.Villalpando, Josà © Manuel. Miguel Hidalgo. Mexico City: Editorial Planeta, 2002.

Islamophobia - The Fear of Anything Related to Islam

Many people remember September 11, 2001 as a day when 19 Muslim extremists hijacked four commercial airplanes and flew them into sundry buildings and areas across the United States. This includes the Pentagon in Washington, D.C., a field in Pennsylvania, and the place where the most damage occurred, the North and South Twin Towers in New York City. Over 3,000 people were killed in these attacks, mostly workers in the towers and the Pentagon who were of all races and religions including Muslims, Sikhs, and Hindus. Calamities like this should bring people together so that they may comfort one another after a great loss. Instead, it drove people apart out of fear of their safety in their own homes. People should remember this day as a tragic event that took the lives of many innocent people, instead many Americans remember this day as the day the Muslims attacked America. This is why Muslim Americans have become pariahs post 9/11 because, of the amount of conflation that has occurred wi th Muslim Americans and Sikh Americans, the amount of anti-Islam behavior practiced in America involving various ideologies of Islam, and the amount of disrespect shown towards Muslim Americans in America on a daily basis. Conflation plays a big role in Muslim Americans becoming pariahs post 9/11. Conflation of certain religions and races, is usually the product of ignorance in the religions and races that are conflated together. Most people only know that on 9/11 there were 19 Muslims thatShow MoreRelatedIs Islamophobia Is Becoming A Problem That Be Addressed By All Muslims And Non Muslims?1304 Words   |  6 Pagesmany acts of Islamophobia. I had read several other stories about assaulting or abusing a Muslim. Most Muslim started to be worried about their safety every place they go, in their work, in their schools. Islamophobia is becoming a problem that should be addressed by all Muslims and non-Muslims, it should be studied well, to generate practical solutions that are benefic ial to all people. To do so first we need to understand what is the meaning of Islamophobia, should it be related to Islam, who createdRead More Massive Anti-Islam Sentiment in the United States Essay3208 Words   |  13 PagesIslam is a monotheistic religion, centered around the teachings of the Qu’ran and serving Allah (meaning God in Arabic). However, this Abrahamic religion has been harshly discriminated against in the United States for years. Most prominently throughout the last twelve years, post September 11th, 2001. Unfortunately, issues such as socialization through the media, power distribution, religious ignorance, stereotyping and visible differences have contributed to the ill attitudes towards Muslims. Read MoreAmerica s Embrace Of Islamophobia2109 Words   |  9 Pages Islamophobia in America Imagine being hated for your skin color or the way you worship God. Imagine that you live in a world where people persecute you for a crime that you did not commit. For many people, a life that we cannot even begin to fathom is their reality. Millions of believers of Islam and people of Middle Eastern origin are unjustly stereotyped, harassed, and killed over the belief that they are evil. Innocent men, women, and children are held to this type of prejudice in the UnitedRead MoreTerrorism And Its Effects On Terrorism2383 Words   |  10 Pagesrelatively general definition, but that is precisely the problem when viewing terrorism; just the idea of what terrorism can be defined as changes between individuals. Further so, a key term directly associated with modern terrorism is Islamophobia, or, as the name suggests, a fear, hatred, or misunderstanding of Muslims and their beliefs. Another key term to pay attention to, often replaced with the use of the word innocent, and sometimes in correctly, is the term noncombatants. This refers to victims ofRead MoreThe Radicalization Of Somali Youths2016 Words   |  9 Pageswho are mostly middle class, Somali immigrants are predominantly of the lower class. In addition to being a religious minority, they are also economically marginalized and black. The research will focus on the ways in which historical traumas, Islamophobia, socio-political and economic hardships become causes for isolation and radicalization. This research will evaluate radicalization processes in relation to Somali youths’ experiences in Somalia and the United States. IntroductionRead MoreIslam And The United States Essay2287 Words   |  10 Pagesevidence that one of the first mosques was built in North Dakota in 1929, and while the mosque was demolished a Muslim cemetery still stands near the spot of that mosque. Islam started in the 7th century with a prophet named Muhammad. It is an Abrahamic religion, like Judaism and Christianity, but Muslims believe that Islam is a step further than the other two religions. According to a Gallup Poll from 2008, out of the 319751 respondents only 946 identified as Muslim, which is around .29 percentRead MoreEssay about Public Display of Religious Garments3102 Words   |  13 PagesUnited States has a tradition of balancing the basic rights against the interests of the state and the overall good of the people. In this case, a uniform, cohesive unit is the most important aspect of military efficiency and should not be second to anything else. For example, the Affordable Care Act that was passed by Congress in 2009 and went into effect in October of 2013 required that birth control be included in the health care package. Many catholics were outraged. the argument could be made thatRead MoreUniversity of Phoenix Material Appendix D Essay2866 Words   |  12 Pagesminority within a larger society. | |Anti-Semitism |Discrimination against or prejudice or hostility toward Jews.    | |Islamophobia |An irrational fear or prejudice towards Islam and Muslims. | |Xenophobia |A fear of foreigners or strangers or of that which is foreign or strange. | |Persecution |The act of persecuting.

Embed Functional Skills in Your Specialist Are Free Essays

Theory 5: Evaluate a range of ways to embed elements of functional skills in your specialist area. Functional skills, according to the definition by the Qualification and Curriculum Development Agency (www. qcda. We will write a custom essay sample on Embed Functional Skills in Your Specialist Are or any similar topic only for you Order Now gov. uk) are practical skills that people need in order to function in everyday life. These skills are practical skills in using the English language, Mathematics and Information and Communication technology (ICT) that will enable individuals with the essential knowledge, skills and understanding to perform confidently, effectively and independently to progress in their education training and employment. As an educator you should be able to embed these skills in the curriculum catered for the foundation levels and level 2 Diplomas and GCSE, and as a stand alone qualification by its own right. In general almost every subject provides an opportunity to improve on functional skills. In the subject area I have chosen, functional Mathematics are embedded by including various methods of calibrating measuring equipment, making actual measurements and calculations. In addition, accuracy, reliability, errors and by comparison to true values, functional Mathematics can be used to determine the level of skills for upper levels (Level 2). Functional English can be embedded by getting the students to collate all evidence in a meaningful way and present it orally to an audience or in a written form thereby giving an opportunity to gauge their skills in English. Embedding ICT can be achieved when using a computer to research and obtain material that is relevant which will give an indication to their ability to read and understand. The level of writing and ICT skills can be tested by getting them to produce a report using a word processor including all its inbuilt functions, such as Spell check, Grammar, Thesaurus, layout and Printing etc,. In addition, presenting data in a structured way using a spreadsheet and develop presentation skills by designing and presenting using software such as PowerPoint. To have a meaningful impact on the learner, the curriculum should be designed so that it will encourage the use of all these skills in an integrated way where all skills are embedded within it. Bibliography: Gravells, Ann â€Å"Preparing to Teach in the Lifelong Learning Sector† Third Edition, 2008. Cowley, Sue â€Å"Guerilla Guide to Teaching† Second Edition, 2007. http://curriculum. qcda. gov. uk/key-stages-3-and-4/skills/functionalskills/index. aspx How to cite Embed Functional Skills in Your Specialist Are, Papers

Deliverance †Conrado de Quiros Essay Sample free essay sample

The given article of Conrado de Quiros on a Filipino Daily Inquirer entitled Deliverance was about the brushs of a Police Vietnamese immigrant in Fukushima. with a 9-year old Nipponese male child. Not excessively long ago. The Vietnam war had affected 1000000s of lives for over a decennary. A monolithic homo cost of decease and countless hurts. physically and mentally. Vietnam was scorched by napalm. dead organic structures were scattered everyplace. And now. if we would look at how Vietnam has made it. it spontaneously survived the war times. Peoples understood the construct of forfeit for the greater good. Our ain version of Christianity has merely taught us selfishness. The really intent of populating an unsloped life. or a facsimile thereof? there are ever the sacraments to pass over off wickedness? is to salvage ourselves. or our psyches from the firing fires of snake pit. On the occasions we are compelled to. We will write a custom essay sample on Deliverance – Conrado de Quiros Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page we portion with land. with money. with kids ( for the priesthood ) to purchase a position in Eden? but neer up to the point that it becomes painful or inconvenient. We do non make things for others or forfeit for others ( other than household ) merely because it is the right thing to make. because it is the lone thing to make. Because. despite our devastation. there are others more desolate. Because. despite our loss. there are others who lost more. Because. despite our hungriness. there are others hungrier. 1 Timothy 6:17-19 As for the rich in this present age. bear down them non to be disdainful. nor to put their hopes on the uncertainness of wealths. but on God. who richly provides us with everything to bask. They are to make good. to be rich in good plants. to be generous and ready to portion. therefore hive awaying up hoarded wealth for themselves as a good foundation for the hereafter. so that they may take clasp of that which is truly life. Death is merely another passage that we all must take in our life-time. It shouldn’t be a clip of depression and unhappiness. it should be a clip of jubilation and assemblage. I like to believe that when a individual leads a good life. their psyche will travel on to a better topographic point. It’s difficult to lose a loved one I’m non stating that it’s easy. but seeking to get by with the hurting positively can do a large difference in how you are affected. Everyone will see losing person their stopping point to at some point. It’s our occupation to put clip and love into every relationship that we may organize. If my loved 1s that I’ve lost have moved on to a better topographic point. so how can I be sad about that. We can all larn how to accept world and move on. some of us merely can’t take it that simple.

Bermuda Essays - Bermuda Triangle, Flight 19, Bermuda, Free Essays

Bermuda Essays - Bermuda Triangle, Flight 19, Bermuda, Free Essays Bermuda *A legendary triangle of Ocean lies between 3 countries upon the Atlantic *ocean. The Cities are Bermuda, Puerto Rico and Fort Lauderdale. Ships, *people and aeroplanes have been reported mysteriously disappearing off the *face of the earth whilst travelling inside this triangle. It soon acquired *the name Devils Triangle owing to peoples superstitions that the devil *was at play on this stretch of ocean and gobbling up weary and lost *travellers with great delight, but what actually was at play inside this *triangle of rough water, is it really the devil?, or perhaps aliens are *using this spot as their home base on earth. Maybe it really does contain a *mystical vortex that sucks people down into a third dimension. * *The myth of the mysterious triangle was first begun in an Associated Press *dispatch of September 16, 1950. Reporter E.V. W. Jones wrote of mysterious *disappearances of ships and planes between the Florida coast and Bermuda. *Two years after this article appeared Fate magazine ran an article by *George X. Sand about a series of strange marine disappearances, each *leaving no trace whatever, that have taken place in the past few years in *a watery triangle bounded roughly by Florida, Bermuda and Puerto Rico. * *It was not long before ideas and suggestions started forming about this *piece of ocean. M.K. Jessup wrote about the disappearances and gave ideas *about alien intelligences being behind them in the book The Case for the *UFO. The view was also echoed by Donald E. Kyhoe who is noted for his The *Flying Saucer Conspiracy of 1955. Frank Edwards (Stranger Than Science) *agreed with the theory of aliens having a local hangout in the triangle as *well. Finally a man by the name of Vincent H. Gaddis came up with the *phrase Bermuda Triangle. * *Vincent Gaddis wrote an article in February 1964's edition of Argosy and *incorporated the story later in his book Invisible Horizons titled The *Deadly Bermuda Triangle. And there was the birth of the now world famous *myth of the Bermuda Triangle. * *Throughout the years it has featured in many many articles, books, *television series and movies and always portrayed as a very real and *mysterious thing, but anyone out there with any sense surely will ask *themselves how in this day and age could boats, planes and other *travellers just go mysteriously missing in a certain piece of water? *wouldn't an aeroplane full of international travellers be afraid to travel *over this part of the ocean....Well let me tell you I've always asked the *same questions myself and I personally have come to the conclusion that the *entire thing is nothing more than a myth hyped up over the years by wrong *facts and silly overexaggerated stories told down through the generations *of people willing to listen to any kind of mysterious story with a unknown *edge to it. * * * *One of the most famous stories to ever surround the Bermuda Triangle is the *mysterious disappearance of the Naval Air Flight 19. * *So what happened? * *On December 5th, 1945, five Avenger torpedo bombers left the Naval Air *Station at Fort Lauderdale. They never returned home. * *The Avenger bombers contained 14 men, 13 of those were trainees in the last *stages of their training along with Lt. Charles Taylor. The five pilots had *been recently transferred from the Miami Naval Air Station. Lt. Taylor knew *the Florida Keys well but had no knowledge of flying over the Bahamas which *was the direction Flight 19 was headed in. * *Their mission on that day was for practice bombing at hens and Chicken *Shoals fifty-six miles away. Once that was accomplished, the Avengers were *to continue on eastward for another sixty-seven miles, then head north *seventy-three miles. Following that they would turn southwest and head for *home. In other words they were flying a triangular flight path through what *would be called the Bermuda Triangle. * *At 3.50pm that afternoon a pilot and his flight instructor, Lt. Robert Cox *were about to land at Fort Lauderdale. They overheard a radio transmission *addressed to someone named Powers. Powers replied, I don't know where we *are. We must have got lost after that last turn. * *A little later on Lt. Cox managed to establish radio contact with another *of the Pilots

Compare Politics Between Hawaii and the Mainland US essays

Compare Politics Between Hawaii and the Mainland US essays The State of Hawaii was the 50th state forming the United States, making Hawaii the most recent adopted territory of US. Precisely because Hawaii did not become a state until 1959, its history and culture have developed for a long period of time without any US influence. This particularity makes Hawaii a unique place, where one encounters a strong and lasting Hawaiian tradition and culture. Hawaii is one of the few US states that was previous to its annexation to the US organized independently. But comparing to the other states that had independent statehood, Hawaii became an US state quite recently. Perhaps this is one of the reasons for which the Hawaiian culture continues to last on this territory together with other ethnic groups cultures and with hardly any American influence. It is hard to assert that Hawaii is primarily a state belonging to a single culture. In fact, the diversity of ethnicity is one of the main characteristics of Hawaii. The first contact that the islands now forming Hawaii had with Europeans was in 1778, when British explorer James Cook first discovered the islands. Following Cooks discovery, many European explorers and traders came to the islands and remained here, bringing ethnical diversity to the islands. However, they also brought new diseases which actually decimated the native population. This influenced greatly the demographics of Hawaii. Of course, the European influence in Hawaii was considerable, but it was not the only external influence that has changed the islands completely. In 1820, American missionaries arrived to Hawaii and managed to convert the remaining native population to protestant Christianity.1 Hawaii was a Kingdom between 1810 and 1893 as the result of long-lasting campaigns of annexation of all the islands conducted by a Hawaiian warrior chief, Kamehameha the Great. As a monarchy, the Kingdom of Hawaii followed the model of European monarchies, becoming a mode...

Interpretation and Significance of Lao Tzu's Sayings Essay

Interpretation and Significance of Lao Tzu's Sayings - Essay Example Taoists have developed their principles through the processes of self- realization and self-invention based on a variety of philosophical and environmental contexts. Like other organized religion, Daoism has its own doctrines or scriptures for its followers. In their collaborate effort Yijie Tang, and TÊ »ang I-chieh have rightly put it: â€Å"The early form of Daoism (Taoism) held that its body of belief was made up of the tenet of â€Å"the ascent of the three in one â€Å"that is,† the unity of heaven, earth, and man for the attainment of the Great Peace; the blending of the essence, breath and shen to become a saint.† (Yijie Tang, and TÊ »ang I-chieh, 1991, 76 pp.). Daoism (Taoism) is familiar to the world through the famous books Chuang-Tzu and Tao Te Ching. Daoist sayings are more comprehensive, filled with metaphysical principles and these principles emphasis a formation of ‘oneness’ that follow the complex form of diverse world. The book had wide ly accepted as the great sayings of Lao Tzu. It has considered as the unique ideology in Chinese history. Lao Tzu explores his ideas through the help of rhyme and rhythm, paradox, analogy, and proportion. In his masterpiece Lao-Tzu remarks, every people have his/her own freewill and desires. The Chinese word Tao/ Dao means the way to the universe. When analyzing these sayings, one can understand that it is difficult to define these sayings appropriately. In the first part of this work, the author tries to give the foundation about the ideology Tao Te Ching. When analyzing the plight of modern man one can easily find that the sayings of Lao-Tzu have enough relevance. The temporariness of material things and pleasures have well expressed in the sayings of Lao Tzu. The followers of Lao-Tzu purport that the ultimate aim of life is to gain the ‘Great Peace’. One cannot attribute it a clear form or structure that it may appear in any name or material existence.

The nature of organizations and the environment Essay

The nature of organizations and the environment - Essay Example Here are some of the factors that can undermine the operations of any international firm. As we all know that communication is as important for any business as finance or profit returns. Miscommunication can devastate any firm slowly but surely. Here are few communication problems in a global firm. This problem arises when managers see things differently (according to his own thinking and upbringing) and things are quite different in reality. So, it can push managers to act little wrongly in international environment to which they are unaware of. This whole set up of looking at things differently or if we can put it correctly through his own perception can make things haywire. In this problem, managers assume things relying on the information which they have beforehand or which they learn in their own business environment. For example, Americans generally think or assume that British are generally bull-headed people. This is their general perception. But, working in an international environment, these kinds of set assumptions can create great grievances. You have to deal with every set of people after meeting them, not just by your own stereotype assumptions. It is utterly wrong and unhealthy for an organization. Ethnocentrism refers to the sense of superiority that members of a particular culture have. The Russians generally claims that Americans consider themselves 'always right' kind of people. This behavior can shut down all possible communicative avenues and even create hostility and grudge against each other. In international environment, managers need to work more in an open manner. Role of power distance: This problem lies in the sphere of motivation. All cultures have different opinions about role of power in certain cultures. In some cultures, people like to be ordered, whereas, few cultures consider it very odd to behave like a boss. It can create hell of a problem for managers, because if manager works in a little authoritarian style and that consider very ineffective in that particular region, then manager needs to bring a change in his style of operating with his colleagues. For example, people in United States, Britain, and Scandinavian find it very tough to adjust with manager who works like a typical boss. Whereas, people in Indians, Mexicans, Japanese and South Koreans find it quite normal to work in this of environment.Leadership expert Warren Bennis stated somewhere that," Given the nature and constancy of change and the transnational challenges facing American business leadership, the key to making the right choices will come from understanding and embodying the leadersh ip qualities necessary to succeed in the volatile and mercurial global economy". The role of leadership in an international environment is extremely important in more of the pronounced terms. Across cultures, managers need to change some sound differences in their behavior to make it more effective and feasible. Managers in alien atmosphere need to be more liberal and more open for all kind of options. Personal values: Managers need to inculcate few major changes in their personal values to

Business evulation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business evulation - Essay Example The fact that partners come from administration, finance, and the sales departments of other successful companies in the market ensures that the company’s departments will be component especially the three which are crucial for the success of any company. Another strength that the company has is the fact that its management structure is well suited for new ideas and contribution meaning that the decisions and policies undertaken by the company will comprise both new and old ideas which will help in the company realising success. Another strength that the company possesses is the various number of services the company is offering. This means that the company will be able to attract income from various sectors of the market since the company is diverse. Weaknesses The fact that the company is very new in the marketing and branding market is a weakness. This is due to the fact that the marketing and branding industry is characterised by a lot of customer loyalty thus many consume rs in the market are loyal to existing brands making it hard for new companies to penetrate the market(Kotler, Etal, 2006.). LaunchMe is currently a small business establishment which is a major weakness since the company is not able to hire many employees. This is due to lack of resources to support a huge staff. As a result, many huge companies with huge projects will forego LaunchMe since they will assume it will be unable to launch huge projects. Another weakness that the company faces is fact that it is operating in the United Kingdom only. This will greatly limit its consumer coverage which is essential for such a company in order for it to attract as many customers as possible. Opportunities Investments opportunities, innovation, and technological revolution provides the LaunchMe company with the opportunity to grow remarkably. This is because current trends are showing that the economy of the United Kingdom is steadily getting back to its where more and more investors are pu tting in their cash to small companies such as LaunchMe which are expected to bring back revenue in the future. The fact that the company aims at focus at business owners and entrepreneurs both in the United Kingdom and the international market presents a great opportunity for growth of the company since the rich people in the country are always interested in starting up new business hence providing a steady market for LaunchMe’s products and ser ices. The branding and marketing industry is a growing industry with new developments and innovations (Belch, 2002). This is not only in the United Kingdom but in the whole world (Wheeler, 2006). This creates an opportunity for the company to both grow geographically and financially. By venturing into other countries in Europe and eventually the while world the company will be able to increase in both size and outreach resulting in the company enjoying more revenue. Threats There are major players who pose threats to the company in t erms of unfair competition. Such companies include Addison Whitney, Siegel and Gale among others. Such companies are a threat to the company since they have a well established customer base meaning they enjoy a lot of customer loyalty. It is a known fact that customer loyalty can result to monopolistic features to

A Study On The European Citizenship Politics Essay

A Study On The European Citizenship Politics Essay Citizenship is not an essence but a historical construction. The idea of European Union citizenship was first acknowledged in the Maastricht Treaty, which was signed in 1991 and came into effect in 1993. European patriotism and identity obviously draw on the concept of European citizenship. The complicated nature of European collective identity and the different collective identities of European nations eventually link the process of common identity-building to the legal formation of a European citizenry and the distribution of rights and duties guaranteed for citizens by European law (Von Beyme, 2001). Today, citizenship has moved to the forefront of political debates in many European countries as well as the European Union institutions, and it has become a volatile policy area where change is dynamic and continuous even if the citizenship laws remain robust to major changes mainly due to the friction between the nation state and supranationalism in terms of political sovereignty. While Maastricht Treaty establishes Union citizenship for every person holding the nationality of a Member State; the Amsterdam Treaty addresses this issue by adding that Citizenship of the Union shall complement and not replace national citizenship (Treaty on European Union Article 8, February 7, 1992). There is a problematical area which the European Charter on Fundamental Rights will not overcome: the citizenship is merely a derived condition of nationality, while certain fundamental rights are based on a mixture of various criteria other than citizenship or nationality alone. Even if the Charter on Fundamental Rights in the European Union adopted as a legally binding instrument with EU law, it will not change anything in this direction and this dilemma will remain to exist. An important problem of the current formulation of European Union citizenship is that it is not defined as an autonomous concept in Community Law at the supranational level, but defined exclusively by the appl icable member state legislation for granting of nationality only at the national level. From the perspective of the legal aspects of citizenship, EU citizenship might be characterized as a derived condition of nationality simply because there is no Community competence to set up its own criteria for defining nationality or citizenship, thus the formal European identity. The conception of European citizenship is one of the mechanisms that the integration process generates for further deepening of the Union. After several rounds of enlargements and accession of more than ten new member states in the last decade, the European integration project must focus its efforts on deepening its structures and organization rather than enlargement especially at a time of fast globalization. Today, Europe is in need of defining the borderlines of European citizenship which cannot be constructed by a model built on the nation state principles. Although the identity building stage for peoples of the European Union is similar to the process of national identity building; the EU citizenship shall be comprehended and structured as a whole different entity than national citizenship. Today, the European society is in trouble because of the unclear definition of the EU citizenship and common European identity, or the unhealthy practice of European citizenship through natio n state based models in the integrated Europe of our day. So far, the prospects of a common European citizenship have been basically failure when it comes to practice and the reason is that European citizenship is incorrectly formulized to serve the aims of national interests rather than the supranational institutions of the European Union. The ultimate attempt of the European Commission to consolidate political integration through a Constitutional Treaty in the year 2005 was rejected by citizens of France and the Netherlands. The public opinion indicates that most citizens in Europe are not eager to become citizens of Europe they are not willing to shift their sovereignty, political allegiance and identities from the national to the supranational level (Baubà ¶ck, 2006). The results of successive editions of the Eurobarometer suggests that European political identity is weak and there is a great variation across EU member states, while in most EU countries only a very small percentage of people around five percent declare having an exclus ive European identity while up to fifty percent do not have any sense of European identity (Gubernau, 2001: 176). Indeed, Amsterdam Treaty of 1997 makes it clear that citizenship of the Union shall complement and not replace national citizenship and that the Union shall respect the national identities of its member states. Treaty of Amsterdam amending the Treaty of the European Union: Article 1, October 2, 1997). Therefore, Community law does not recognize any authority of the Union in determining its own citizens (Baubà ¶ck, 2006). Instead, the current legislation suggests that the European Union citizenship is simply derived from national member state citizenship, which is highly problematic to serve the jurisdiction of the European Union institutions. Before the enlargement of 2004 which resulted with ten new member states joining the EU, the European Commission identified three priorities for the EU which highlighted giving full content to European citizenship (European Commission, 2004). In 2006, the second phase of the EU Programme to Promote Active European Citizenship was launched. The concept of a European citizenship incorporating shared values and a sense of belonging to the European Union in addition to legal rights were officially acknowledged by the Programme. However, today the European Union citizenship is increasingly challenged in domestic politics and may eventually become a source of conflict between member states, if it has not become an important area of intra-tension yet. Recent European experiences suggest that natural and spontaneous convergence among EU member states towards cosmopolitan liberal norms is no longer a reasonable expectation. Almost two decades after creating a citizenship of the Union, it shal l be the time that European policy-makers take the initiative of introducing common European standards for the citizenship laws of the member states to create an active and functioning European Union citizenship. Although this does not require imposing a single European citizenship law, the process might start with an open method of coordination and could result in an authority of EU law to regulate those aspects of national legislation that violate principles of European solidarity or result in discrimination and exclusion of third-country nationals (Baubà ¶ck, 2006: 6). Furthermore, problems exist at the supranational governance level as the European Parliament is the primary legislative body of the European Union but it is not a sovereign legislative body. . After all, the EU citizenship has unfortunately remained a metaphor with some added value to it until today. The European Union citizenship in order to practically exist needs direct effect of Community law in order to becom e e a genuine source of rights for citizens of Europe. Although Europe gave birth to the nation state system and the Europeans are creators of the idea of citizenship; peoples of the European Union are in desperate need of making an up-to-date definition of the EU citizenship today. The Classical Model of Citizenship, also known as the National-Political Citizenship, is a product of Europe in the context of the classical European nation state. One major problem in todays Europe is that this model is crumbling and no more capable of providing a complete comprehension of citizenship in the integrated Europe under our days dynamic conditions. The Classical Model applies to two types of nation state formations in Europe: the republican or civic model supported by France or the nationalist or ethnic model supported by Germany and the Eastern European states. Although the French model, also adopted by the Americans, focuses on the political qualities of culture and the German model focuses on the ethnical qualities as major elements; both incl ude the concept of nation, in other words people on a certain territory with certain rights and liberties as their main element. However, the strict attachment to territory when defining citizenship is no more applicable under todays European Union conditions; as free movement within the Union is established in recent years. On the other hand, the rights and liberties given to the increasing immigrant population and ethnic groups are questioned as the main factors of inconsistency, distress and tension in the socio-political life in Europe today. After all, the European Union is not a nation-state; it entails a whole different type of organization, a supranational entity above the level of member nation-states. If the EU is imagined as a large nation state, then its cultural politics stays on the top-bottom line as elitist discourse to create Europeans (Strath, 2000) and do not touch social identities of the people, except Euro-bureaucrats only (Shore, 2000). Nonetheless, today the EU citizenship rights are derivative of national citizenship and currently they do not form a compelling basis for an active European citizenship of participation (Delanty, 2000a: 83, Baubà ¶ck, 2006). On the other hand, to what extent EU citizenship departs from the nation-state norms of citizenship remains the question. The European integration has a positive impact on the decline of nation states as they begin to share their sovereignty for building a supranational entity which entails an economical as a well as a political unification of Europe. However, the National-Political Citizenship Model is out of date with the formation of todays integrationist Europe. European nation states are breaking down as they face with drastic changes driven by diverse outcomes of globalization, such as heterogeneous multicultural structure and free movement within the European Union which challenge the territory principle of the nation state structure. In Scholtes words, contemporary governance is multilayered; it includes important local, substate regional, suprastate, regional, and transworld operations alongside and intertwined with national arrangements (Scholte, 2000: 143). An important consequence of these shifts is that governance has become more fragmented and decentralized. Globalization has accelerated t he efforts for building European citizenship by creating gaps in effective governance at national level and refocusing attention on problems best dealt with at the sub-national or supra-national level (Rumford, 2003). Therefore, one can conclude that globalization has opened up the field of European governance. As a result, the new supranational state organization in Europe does not allow powerful nation states of the 20th Century to exist, and therefore the Classical Model of Citizenship which relies on the nation-state structure simply needs to be changed or reconfigured under todays circumstances. The present formulation of European Union citizenship has failed to establish a direct connection between the citizenry and the European Union institutions, without ties to the nation state. In the literature of liberal democracy, citizenship is meant to empower citizens of a state to hold governments accountable. In this respect, Union citizenship hardly satisfies democratic aspirations (Baubà ¶ck, 2006). Baubà ¶ck argues that the true value of being a citizen of the European Union lies not in rights one has towards the institutions of the Union, but in rights towards the other member states as the Union citizenship extensively prohibits national governments from discriminating against the citizens of other EU states (Baubà ¶ck, 2006: 1).. After all, there is a broader aspiration to promote relationships between the Union and European people which are to be more direct and substantial than they were in the past and which are less intervened by the member states. Almost a decade a fter the EU citizenship was introduced, the European Commission had confessed that EU citizens have little in the way of a European political consciousness and are not given much encouragement nor facility to engage in a consistent political dialogue with European institutions (European Commission, 2001:7). Therefore, Europeanists also believe that EU citizenship is also important for the future of the Union as it entails an enhanced relationship between the EU and its citizens which in turn will increase effectiveness and efficiency of European institutions, reducing the EUs democratic deficit while increasing the Unions political legitimacy. Meanwhile, the European citizenship has been a rather insignificant area of law and source of rights so far, after nearly two decades it had been introduced into the Community Law. In practice, the concept of EU citizenship has been used with an intention to close up certain gaps of free movement issues within the European land. The legal rights associated with citizenship of the Union are to travel and reside anywhere in the EU; to vote and to stand for election in municipal and European elections in the member state of residence, regardless of nationality; to have consular protection by the consulate of another member state while outside the EU; to petition the European Parliament and apply to the European Ombudsman (Consolidated Treaty of Rome Articles 18-22). Based on general principles of the Community law, specifically the principle of non-discrimination having direct effect, an extension of the substance of citizenship to third-country nationals who have legally lived within t he boundaries EU for a long time; and the issues that correlate with the interrelation between rights and duties remain as a question (Reich, 2001). Deviating from the past trend towards liberalization, there are numbers of countries, such as Greece, Denmark, and Austria, where restrictive citizenship laws have been either retained or further advanced largely due to the growing trend of external migration to the Union. The Netherlands, which used to have a liberal naturalization policy for immigrants, is the most dramatic example of a turnabout of citizenship policy. Furthermore, citizenship tests were introduced in Germany, Denmark, Greece, Austria, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands in addition to the widespread requirement of learning the dominant language, these tests include questions about the countrys history, constitution, and everyday culture which almost require university level education for immigrants in order to become citizens (Baubà ¶ck, 2006: 5). While language skills are universally accepted as useful for social as well as political integration for immigrants seeking citizenship, the usefulness of the largel y implausible questions asked in citizenship tests raise doubts. This new approach in European Union member states to naturalization reminds of exclusionary ethnic conception of citizenship as the new naturalization policies emphasize integration as a precondition for citizenship and they define integration as an individual achievement rather than a structural condition of equal rights and opportunities. Although citizenship is no longer attached to ethnic identities in todays Europe, it cannot be accepted as a tool for integrating societies which have heterogeneous origins. Today, the current formulation of the EU citizenship has three main features. First, it is not autonomous and genuine as it is derived from member state citizenship; second, it cannot establish a direct link between the European Union and its citizens without ties to the national level; and third, in practice it only gives free access to other member states for European citizens within the boundaries of the Union, and does not provide more. Moreover, it is a source of inequality and exclusion for Europeans. Some European Union member states may give national citizenship to immigrants in three years while another state can call for ten years of residence; thus there is no standards for becoming a European Union citizen for immigrants as the Union citizenship is merely connected to national citizenship. On the other hand, current policies do not serve as a unifying factor at the supranational level but remain merely connected to the national level as immigrants who move frequently betw een different member states of the EU while staying within the territories of the Union for an overall long period of time cannot become European Union citizens, because citizenship policies still operate at national level which does not only harm the unity of European society but also embarrass European Union by proving it as an ineffective political entity. In fact, nearly all European states require a certain period of continuous residence in their national territory rather than the territory of the European Union as a condition for naturalization according to their natural laws. Theoretically, the EU citizens have the right of free access to employment in other member states of the Union. However, this right has been temporarily suspended in some member states for the citizens of countries that have recently joined the EU which introduced a temporary form of second-class citizenship within the Union that is hard to reconcile with the basic commitment to free movement and non-dis crimination on grounds of nationality among the European Union citizens (Baubà ¶ck, 2007: 459).Therefore, one may conclude that there is a great inconsistency between the aims of the European Union citizenship and its current formulation due to the tension between national and supranational levels and the fact the EU citizenship is not genuine and remain merely a derivation from natural citizenship policies. There are different ways of responding to these problems and all entail a new formulization of European Union citizenship. A radical solution would be to turn the relation between supranational and national citizenship upside down, so that the former determines the latter (Baubà ¶ck, 2006). This would propose a federation for the European Union and there is not much political support among European citizens as well as governments for building such a European federation. The alternative remains to be to hope for a spontaneous convergence of national citizenship policies from below; which experience suggests that is not realistic to expect anytime soon. Many national reforms have moved in similar directions over the past decades, but it would be rather optimistic to believe that member states are willing to change their laws in order to avoid burdening other states with immigration problems or in order to secure roughly equal conditions for access to citizenship across Europe (Baubà ¶ck, 2006). Rainer Baubà ¶ck (2007) summarizes three major approaches to future European Union citizenship: The statist approach, the unionist approach and the pluralist approach. The statist approach view the European Union in as progressing towards a federal state, and suggests federal norms of citizenship such as the example of the United States for the EU citizenship. The unionist approach aims to strengthen citizenship of the Union by making it more inclusionary for the Europeans. It is different from the federal modal in terms that it seeks to emancipate EU citizenship from member-state citizenship rather than integrate the latter into the former. The pluralist approach seeks to apply general norms of democratic legitimacy at both supranational and national levels and to balance these concerns where they may coincide or conflict. Although this approach is not primarily committed to strengthening the EU citizenship by weakening member state citizenships; it is reformist in promoting a more consistent conception of multilevel citizenship which can be applied to the EU under todays conditions. The statist, in other words Federal approach has only few advocates and involves substantial departure from the path the European Union has been following until today which makes it a non-feasible solution. The Unionist approach has many advocates among Europeanists and immigrant populations; but in larger civil society it still remains a marginal proposition for European politics. Finally, the pluralist approach is the most feasible solution for European Union citizenship, but still it is too ambitious to have any chance of adaptation in the near future (Baubà ¶ck, 2007). After all, all three approaches propose different paths for European citizenship but they share a commitment to Union citizenship and they are opposed to Euroskeptic nationalist or intergovernmental perspectives on EU citizenship. In the general literature, In the general literature, there are several alternative formulations other than the Classical Model of Citizenship which may serve as basis for a common European Union citizenry.Revised National Citizenship Model is a new approach to citizenship; it is basically a version of the national-political model of citizenship which is arguably updated to todays conditions in Europe. Indeed, this model is probably the most commonly practiced citizenship model by the European states today, which simply took place of the classical model or mixed with the classical model due to change of the environment in Europe. Although this model supports openness in terms of a potential of citizenship for resident non-citizens, political rights are not given to the non-citizen residents which is central to discussion to overcome the potential problems in Europe centered in minority issues. Therefore, this model does not seem to provide a solution for the European Union citizenshi p in todays circumstances as it has already been largely practiced in parts of Europe. Finally, although the revised model makes it easier for non-citizen residents to earn citizenship rights while it simultaneously closes the doors for newcomers by establishing effective control over borders. The model makes it even harder to migrate into a country in any legal status which would decrease the non-citizen resident population. Most states in Europe such as England and Germany which are regarded as the hardest countries to earn citizenship; empower this model rather than the classical model today, to create a solution for their migration problems. The Post National Citizenship Model is the most complex, revolutionary and appropriate model for the future of European integration. Habermas, as a well-known European constitutionalist and pro-integrationist who comes from a republican nation state tradition, puts a lot of emphasis on civil rights and liberties while his arguments center on the idea of constitutional patriotism. The main argument is that Europe needs a public sphere, a public opinion and a political culture to create a common identity but the values used in creation of this singular European identity should not be ethnic or nationalist values and solely political elements of culture (Habermas, 1994). Ratification of a European Constitution would provide the easiest way to achieve these values to create a single European identity, which definitely cannot be created with ethnic or nationalist elements, which should remain as secondary identities. On the other hand, Habermas argues that further enlargement of the EU wi ll make integration even more difficult and the deepening of European Union is more important than its widening policies under todays conditions (Habermas, 2005). Finally, the newcomers are seen as a risk for the model of citizenship and the future of Europe because they must adapt to the European political culture or they will surely pose a threat to the democratic system of the state. Habermas concludes that a resident non-citizen should be entitled as a citizen only when being a part of the European political culture by building positive relations with the majority of the society and by being schooled in the educational system of the host country to for full adaptation (Habermas, 1994). On the contrary, Yasemin Soysal uses a different perspective while discussing the Post National Citizenship Model. The main argument which lies at the heart of the debate is that the human rights are more important than political rights because citizens are individuals which raise the importance of human rights (Soysal, 2000). The key point here is the fact that, although political rights are highly related to the nation state structure, the human rights are not related to the development of nation-state thus they are independent from a nation-state based citizenship model. Massive decolonization, the rise of transnational agencies, the emergence of multilevel politics and most importantly, increasing immigration after the Second World War are four developments that created the historical background for the rise of human rights in Europe in last fifty years. In Todays Europe, boundaries of citizenship are fluid, multiplicity of membership and universal personhood exist which are basi c characteristics of the Post-National Citizenship Model. As a result, the post-national citizenship model is compatible with todays European Union, as it does not count on national borders and only universal characteristics rather than national ones. Therefore, post national citizenship model suits well with the concept of a European citizenship, not created by ethnic, national or religious elements of culture but the political culture, as it was also argued by Habermas (1994, 2003). On the other hand, there is a counter-argument about the possible success of the Post-National Model application in Europe. The critical argument made by Soysal is that the rising trend of human rights creates a paradox, which lays as the main reason behind the increasing minority violence events across Europe. Soysal asks in todays environment of emphasized civil rights and post national individualism, how are particularistic identities affected, given the rise of human rights, particularistic identities such as ethnical, religious and national identities rise simultaneously (Soysal, 2000). The conclusion is that the Post National Citizenship Model sits on top of the paradox; civil rights and particularistic identities rise simultaneously as increasing liberties prepare grounds for expressing these identities. Although human rights are rising for the privileged citizens, not each and every individual in a society such as immigrant minorities in France has full access to human rights because they remain as non-citizen residents, outsiders to the culture and this causes the creation of socio-economical inequality. On the other hand, when these groups are given cultural rights under todays conditions without the establishment of necessary economic and social integration; the outcomes may be further expression of particularistic identities which will again create a threat to the social system. The rise of cultural rights is a crucial issue in the post national debate. Cultural rights are defined as an issue of human rights; the issue is related to group rights rather than individual rights in the post-national context (Taylor, 1999). For example the minority violence events on European streets can be understood by observing the rights of these groups of people who are all resident non-citizens and who all dont have national political rights; and it is important that all are group actions instead of individual actions. Cultural rights of these groups are crucial in a multicultural post-national Europe, and most of the social tension centers on the issue that how much cultural rights should the minority groups have in the context of an integrated Europe rather than a nation state structure. What makes these people different than European Union citizens in the cradle of democracy is the fact that majority rules in democracies and minorities are excluded from the system as a s acrifice simply because democracy is a majority system. On the other hand, in democracies, minorities have belief in the system because they have hopes to be a part of the majority and thus the ruling class one day and thats how the mechanism of democracy works. However, these minority groups in EU member states seemed to lose their hopes of having political rights, or becoming citizens in other words; thus they pose a threat for the democratic system under todays national-political citizenship model as Habermas also argues (1994). As these minority groups were left outside by segregation in Europe, and they have no political rights as resident non-citizens; the expression of their adaptation problems turned out to be attacks against the social and democratic structure in the country. These are all problems caused by the crumbling model of classical citizenship and post-national citizenship idea would bring solutions to most of these problematic areas. Immigrant minority groups in Europe would have citizenship rights that would integrate them into the democratic system and give them the chance to be represented, which will provide these groups hope and trust in democracy. As a result, violence on streets would be prevented because these groups would have the chance to fight for their rights in the democratic arena rather than the streets. The integration of non-citizen minority groups will give pace to the deepening process of Europe and it should be achieved before further widening which would slow down the integration in Europe by adding more complexities (Habermas, 2000). Cultural rights and cultural policy is another important area of tension in the debate of a European Union citizenship. In the Classical Nation state, or Liberal Model in other words, which is exercised by most European states today, public and private are two distinct and clearly separated realms (Habermas, 2003). Cultural rights can be exercised in the private area of life while public area is kept neutral and ethnic or cultural signs are kept out strictly. In France, people are asked not to wear even cross as a symbol of Christianity in the public area, however one can see women wearing headscarf in public in Paris; so the picture is mixed and complex. Taylor argues that this clear separation of public and private spaces aimed by the Liberal model cannot be achieved in a multicultural environment (Taylor, 1999), such as todays Europe. However, under a multicultural model suggested by Taylor which means the end of the Liberal model, all citizens will not be equal but groups of citi zens will have different rights in practice. If such a system will be designed for Europe it would be problematic to govern multicultural societies in European Union, more rights will be asked from the state to overcome the inequalities between the groups and it is questionable how much cultural rights a European state can give as a reply to the enormous demand by different groups. Such a system will lead to chaos in both governance and the society thus keeping the public sphere neutral as it is in the liberal model still is a better proposition for Europe while increasing the cultural rights homogenously to an extent supported by the Post National Citizenship Model. As a result, one may conclude that citizenship is increasingly post-national, rather than national, and the rights and benefits of citizenship frequently accumulate to resident non-citizens. Equally, the spaces within which citizenship is enacted and contestation and claims-making take place do not necessarily coincide with either the nation-state or the EU (Soysal, 2000). In short, there exists a proliferation of new forms of participation, and multiple arenas and levels on which individuals and groups enact their citizenship (Soysal, 2001: 160). The bond between citizenship and civil society can no longer be assumed, and nationally coded public spheres do not hold (Soysal, 2001: 172). The application of civil society to a transnational context has attracted criticism; particularly that such a move represents an attempt to reproduce on the supranational level a model that has reached its limits on the national level (Delanty, 1998). There is also

Essay on Dream Deferred in Song of Solomon -- Song Solomon essays

The American Dream Deferred in Song of Solomon      Ã‚   Beginning with the first African American literary works through the more recent successes such as Toni Morrison's Song of Solomon the topic of literacy is almost inextricably connected to freedom and power. A closer investigation, however, leads the reader to another, less direct, message indicating that perhaps this belief in literacy as a pathway to the "American Dream" of freedom and social and financial success is contradictory or, at least, insufficient in social and cultural terms. In this way, African American literature reconstructs the "American Dream" into an even more complex "dream deferred."    Toni Morrison deconstructs the "American Dream" and the "literacy myth" in The Song of Solomon by deriding formal education and literacy while emphasizing oral family history. A most blatant ridicule of formal education comes to the reader in the story of First Corinthians Dead, the only character in the novel to attend college. First Corinthians finds that education made her "a little too elegant" (188), and that "Bryn Mawr had done what a four-year dose of liberal education was designed to do: unfit her for eighty percent of the useful work of the world," (189). At forty-two, First Corinthians is untrained, unmarried and unfulfilled, thanks to her college education.    Milkman, on the other hand, is not sent to college and is ultimately educated by the oral family history revealed by Pilate and the townspeople of Shalimar, Virginia. Milkman's freedom comes only after he breaks the chains of the "American Dream" myth his father is slave to and seeks out his history, his culture, and his identity.    Milkman's father, Macon Dead II, is certain that... ...eedom, independence and equality built on the successful negotiation of not just illiteracy, but of a history of social and cultural denial. Such is the nature of the dream deferred.    WORKS CITED Bloom, Harold, ed. Modern Critical Views: Toni Morrison. New York: Chelsea House Publishing, 1990. Graff, Harvey J. The Literacy Myth: Literacy and Social Structure in the Nineteenth-Century City. New York: Academic Press, 1979. McKay, Nellie, editor, Critical Essays on Toni Morrison, G.K. Hall, 1988. Morrison, Toni. Song of Solomon. New York: The Penguin Group, 1977. Sapphire. Push. New York: Vintage Contemporaries, 1996. Peterson, Nancy J. Toni Morrison: Critical and Theoretical Approaches. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1997. Rice, Herbert William. Toni Morrison and the American Tradition: A Rhetorical Reading. New York: P. Lang, 1996.

My Precious Place

The place can be their house, school, or an amusement park. Everyone has a different special place with different feelings. My precious place Is a hill. The hill is located In Hondo where Is a small town In Japan. I have several reasons why It Is an Important place for me: view, atmosphere, and memory. The hill Is surrounded by many nature, so I can see many trees, bushes, and the ground. They are beautiful green, but they have different greens.Some of them are pep green, and some of them are light green. From the hill, I can see the whole town of Hondo. In addition, this hill is located in the countryside, so there are always not many people. That is why, the hill is quiet. When I close my eyes, I can hear the bards singing. Moreover, I can hear cars sound which comes from far away but not so many. When a car through near hill, the sound become gradually louder, and when the car go away, the sound become gradually smaller. The sound is like ocean waves.If I hear the sound at deferen t place, I Just think car sound. However, hill's quiet atmosphere and the birds singing make the sound ocean wave to me. Finally, I have an unforgettable memory on the hill. When I go the hill for the first time, I went there with my friend whose I loved. I wanted to make a memory with him before I go to the united States, so I asked him to hang out. I thought it was the last time to meet him. The end of the date, he took me to the hill. The way to go there, we rode a bicycle together.When we arrived there, we could see a brilliant night view, and he said he loved me. The memory and the place are really important between my boyfriend and me. In conclusion, a hill is a precious place for me because there is beautiful green view, relaxing atmosphere, and it reminds me my best moment of my life. Nowadays, Japanese people are trying to make the countryside to the city, so nature is getting smaller. Because of that, the view is changing, but I hope the view from a thin hill never change.

How to Write a Research Essay in Literature

How to Write a Research Essay in Literature A research essay is one of the most popular tasks that college and university students get during academic semesters. Usually research essays start with a topic or a particular problem that needs to be researched. Typically, college research essays are described as an academic work that leads the readers to the works of other authors since it guides the readers to comparing the current and the previous research essay. This type of academic assignments teaches your readers about a particular topic as it properly identifies the key points of the essay and the thesis. Research Essay in Literature: Getting Started Before you rush into the library, it is recommended to think about what you are going to write your research essay. If it’s Literature course that you’re writing your paper for, ensure to brainstorm how you want to approach the topic. Thus, you will get the focus that you need to find the most relevant sources. If you have no idea where to start, conduct some primitive research in order to get a sense of the context of the topic. Creating the thesis of the research essay in Literature will help you at the research stage. Mind that it should encourage your readers who are eager to knowing more about the topic. What is the problem? Why should you research one? Why should you write about the problem? Why does your target audience want to know about the topic? What is known about the chosen topic? What exactly needs to be researched? You can you find the relevant information? If, for instance, you work on the topic that sounds as ‘Love and Death in Don Quixote,’ you will most likely check what Miguel de Cervantes had to tell himself in some sources if available or read the works of the other authors who studied the literature masterpiece by Cervantes. Besides, you will mention the influence that the book had on the others writers and artists of all times. Check the article ‘The Long Lasting Influence of Don Quixote from Shakespeare to Broadway’ on Culture Trip to get inspired for the res earch essay. Find unknown terms in a specialized dictionary and read background information in online encyclopedia. This will enable you to get new precious knowledge of the topic and help you approach it appropriately. Topics for Literature Research Essay When it comes to Literature, the number of topics that you might choose for your research essay is endless. If you’re looking for the easiest way to find an idea for the next research essay in Literature, it is recommended to start broad and then move toward making your topic more specific and thus, more interesting to your potential reader. Here are a couple of examples of research topics in literature to help you decide on what exactly you would like to write about in this or that novel: 1. The Roles of Women and Men In what way the gender roles are shown on the pages of the book or story? Are they completely different? Are they given equal rights? What kind of gender expectations do the characters follow or do they fight against? 2. Politics Does the novel address any political issues? If yes, which ones? Equality? Discrimination? 3. Religion Is the chosen novel religious? What beliefs does the novel question or promote? 4. Historical Background Who is the author of the book and what is his or her story? Was he or she involved in any sort of controversy associated with their work? How does the novel reflect the beliefs and society of the era? What is the significance of the chosen novel today and in the time when it was created? 5. Comparison between the Book Characters You can compare characters of the same story or two (or even more!) different ones. In what way are their similarities or differences important to the plot? 6. Allusions in the Story Are there any significant allusions in the story? How important are they to understanding the story, as well as its place in the world literature? 7. Symbolism Are there any significant symbols in the book? How important are they? 8. Comparisons between Novels In case the books seem absolutely different but at the same time they represent the similar genre or were written in the same time period, you might want to explore this issue. 9. Criticism Does the plot include any notable criticisms? What kind of response do the other Literature experts have to this work? Developing a Focus The goal of the brainstorming stage is to develop a clear and concise research question, summative description, or tentative thesis statement. This will make your research more efficient because you will be well-prepared to evaluate whether the sources on your list are relevant to your topic and Literature in general. Having some trouble choosing an interesting research essay questions to discuss? There is a collection of ideas that may ease the process of selection the most captivating one: The Sexuality of Politics in Early Modern American Literature; The Portrayal of Legendary Heroes in the World Literature and How It Affected the Way Males Perceive Their Roles in Today’s Society; Politics of the Woman’s Body: Postcolonial Female Writers of the 3rd World; Rabbit Tetralogy by John Updike: Mastered Irony in True Motion; In What Way Has Literature Changed People’s Expectations of Religion and Science? Why Was William Shakespeare So Gifted in the World of Literature? The First World War in English Poetry; Holden Caulfield as a Lost Teenager in ‘The Catcher in the Rye’ Locate Your Resources Before you get your hands on the writing process, read up on the subject of your project. It’s recommended to gather all the sources and review each carefully before you start writing so that you can have everything planned out when it’s time to begin you research essay. To find information related to your topic check various types of resources (the more the better!). Here are some of the examples of the resources: Specialty books. Search these resources in your college or local library. A book written on the topic of your choice is an incredible resource and will definitely become one of the best options when you start searching for quality information. What is more, these books also have various references where students can find more useful information. Academic journals. Today, students have an opportunity to find loads of periodicals on various academic researches related to the field if Literature. The best thing about these resources is that each article is written by a specialist in Literature and scrutinized by other experts to ensure accuracy. LitLine, Failbetter, Decomp, Journal of Literary Studies are just a few of online resources of the kind for those in need of sophisticated and detailed materials on Literature topic. Online encyclopedias. This is where the most reliable information can be found on the internet. The sites like Britannica.com and Encyclopedia.com are at your service 24/7. Are you required to write a research essay on ‘A Rose for Emily’ by William Faulkner? There’s a useful article on Encyclopedia.com that will help you get your thoughts together on the issue. Be careful with the websites like Wiki. Those can be pretty helpful; however, they are known for containing unverified materials that you should check before you use them in your research essay in Literature. Expert interviews. If you get a chance, interview a professional in the subject of your Literature research essay. Professionals can be experts working in the field of Literature, college tutors, writers, professors with advanced degrees, and so on. Analyze Your Research Carefully and critically read through the material that you have managed to gather. Now you need to know and understand what exactly the authors are saying and why. Taking notes is a must as you read. Focus on identifying the key conclusions of the article or book, and the approach that the author prefers using in order to arrive to that very conclusion. It is important to have a brief summary of the whole, with some short relevant details. Take a look at your research question, thesis statement, or summative description now that you have done all that reading. Does the evidence that you’ve found answer the question or support your thesis? Have the arguments or the data made you change your mind? If needed, revise your thesis statement or research question to account for the info that your research uncovered. It’s Time to Write The first part of your research essay is the introduction. Use this part to introduce the topic and set the purpose for your paper. Use introduction to provide your readers with an idea of what you’re going to talk about in your essay. Make it relatively short, i.e., one or two paragraphs would be enough. If it’s a really long essay that you write, you may need to expand your introduction. Don’t think that your readers already know everything about your topic unless it’s an issue of common knowledge. For instance, you probably do not need to explain in your essay intro what the romance novel or romantic novel is, but it’s better to define less general terms like ‘direct characterization’, ‘pathetic fallacy’, ‘stream of consciousness’ or ‘tragicomedy’. Proceed to the body of your research essay. This is where the focus of your essay is located. Include the key arguments, all the research methods used, the results that you have obtained and the main research findings. If you need to provide some background information on your Literature topic, include it in a special section at the beginning of the essay. For instance, if you’re working on a research analysis of Shakespeare’s ‘Romeo and Juliet’, and you’d like to include some extra information on the marriages of the 14th century, state that ‘in point of fact, the child marriages weren’t ‘common’ in the times of Romeo and Juliet; however, child marriages were reasonably widespread and accepted among medieval nobility for financial purposes.’ Arrange the body sections in order to ensure they flow logically since the organization is what matters the most. Depending upon the length of your essay, the end of the body will include your discussion of the findings. In other words, you wrap up your findings but you don’t state your conclusions yet. It’s the conclusion section where you’re supposed to place your final thoughts on the research topic. If, for instance, you write a research essay on the friendship between Don Quixote and Sancho Panza, your conclusion might include the following information, ‘while the poor peasant Sancho Panza was described by Cervantes not so intelligent, he turned out to be cunning and strong, as well as intelligent enough to not only take care of himself, but his master as well; thus, a pointless business arrangement turned into a heartfelt and meaningful friendship’. The biggest problem that many college students face when working on a research essay in Literature is that they prefer waiting until the last moment to write one. Plan every step of your research essay. Organize every part of it. When you work on the outline of the pager, include an introduction, the main points, and the ending. Start early to gather information about the topic. Create loads of note cards to have them near when you’re in the process of writing. Don’t lose the source of every piece of information to know where all the details come from. Thus, you will avoid any accusations of plagiarism. Provide credit to every paraphrase or quote. The best way to get the research essay done in Literature is to work on a section at a time and revise each more than once.

How To Accept A Job Offer Like a Boss

How To Accept A Job Offer Like a Boss Before you accept the job offer, there are a few things you need to consider. You’ve done all this work getting through the hiring process: crafted a perfect resume and cover letter, braved (and knocked out of the park!) your first and second interviews, and waited by the phone. And now the time has arrived- you’ve been offered the position! It can be really tempting to blurt out â€Å"YES, OF COURSE, I ACCEPT!† as soon as you’re given the good news, but it might be more prudent to wait and follow the procedures we lay out to ensure your transition is smooth and your new job every bit as good as you’re expecting it to be. Remember: in making you an offer, the company is showing their hand. They want you to show your hand right away in response and give them back the power. Instead, consider wielding it for a while before accepting.Here are some good practices when accepting (or considering accepting) an offer.1. Say thank you.Always be classy, from day one. Step one is always to show your appreciation, no matter whether you are speaking in person, on the phone, or via email. Even if you fully plan to counter their initial offer (and there’s a great chance you should anticipate negotiating your salary), it’s perfectly fine to express your excitement about the position. You’re thrilled! Why hide it? This will make them feel less vulnerable, and also more open to helping you make it work.2. Get it in writing.You have the right to request an official offer letter, which includes the name of the position, starting date, salary, and benefit details. This serves two purposes: 1) it buys you a little time and lets you examine the details thoroughly before accepting, and 2) it makes the offer official. Most companies won’t require an immediate answer after giving you the offer letter, but it never hurts to inquire as to their time table- and respect it.3. Write your own acceptance confirmation.There is a rig ht way to say â€Å"yes† once you’ve expressed your appreciation, received initial notice in writing, reviewed the initial terms, (hopefully) negotiated the salary and benefits you want, and received the go-ahead. Once everything is nailed down, it’s best professional practices to put your acceptance in writing, as well, via an acceptance letter (email is usually fine for this).A written acceptance gives you the chance to reiterate all of the details you’ve negotiated, including precise terms of compensation, expectations, vacation, and benefits. It gives you an additional opportunity to thank them and express your enthusiasm. A more formal, written acceptance is a great way to acknowledge and be appreciative if the negotiating process took longer than you expected. And it’s the best way to clarify next steps.Close by asking how you can best prepare for your first day. Should you show up earlier than the typical start time in order to set things up ? Is there any other information you need to bring from home? How can you make your transition as smooth as possible for them?Be proactive and start on the right foot- in showing them that you care enough to nail down the details before you begin, they will already be pleased they chose you before you even step in the door.Make sure to keep your acceptance letter brief, grateful, and absolutely precise. Edit early and often. Finally, make sure you don’t forget to proofread carefully. It’s important to set a professional tone right from the start.Congrats on your new job! Getting started on the right foot will make you feel great for the opportunities that are just beginning.

Distributive Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Distributive Justice - Essay Example That is, if the level of goods to be distributed is low, distribution by the market may be enough. But if everyone has to be supplied with enough or more of welfare protections, the state may need to interfere. This can be done by redistributing the goods so as to correct market imperfections. On the other hand, if everyone has to have an equal share of all goods, the state will have to be solely responsible for distributing the goods. Then, private property and the market may have no role. It is understood that distributive justice is necessary to justify property rights, and that it may even involve a rejection of private property. Those influential minority of citizens and theorists who believe that protecting property rights is the central job of justice, question whether distributive demands is actually a justice. The ancient and the modern meanings of the term "Distributive justice" are very different. That is, in the Aristotelian sense, "distributive justice" was related to the distribution of political status, in the sense that deserving people were rewarded in accordance to their merits and their qualities, and everyone got what they deserved. It was not relevant at all to property rights. The ancient principle was related to the distribution of goods on the basis of merit while the modern one demands a distribution regardless and independent of merit. The modern principle believes that everyone deserves some basic goods regardless of their merit and that merit making should begin only after some basic necessities like housing, health care, and education have been distributed to everyone. This modern principle is quite different from what Aristotle meant when he wrote about political status being distributed on the basis of social or moral status. According to the modern principle, everyo ne deserves these basic necessities on the virtue of being human. And since everybody is equal, it has to be distributed equally among people. Formally, justice has been understood to be a rational, enforceable, and practicable virtue. That is because it is actually rational, can be enforced and is practical. It is seen as a secular and rational virtue across different cultures and historical periods, unlike virtues like wisdom or charity which is mostly specific to religions and cultures. This is because the demands of justice can be explained and justified without any relation to religious beliefs and should be a virtue that governments should enforce. Justice should be the prime norm guiding political activity and should be one of the practical and readily achievable goals of the state. We can safely say that promoting belief in Christianity or enlightenment through Buddhism cannot be held as a project for justice because their goodness cannot be explained in terms of secularism or rationality. Similarly, friendship and its associated warmth, although a good thing to almost everyone, cannot be considered an object of jus tice because it is not an enforced virtue, but is dependent on the un-coerced feelings of individuals towards each other or amongst themselves. Thus, virtues related to religion and culture and feelings like friendship cannot be considered a matter of justice. Also, guarantee of freedom from illnesses and diseases cannot be considered a project of justice because, at least so far, it has been an impossible task to attain. Moving on to its substantial features, it is generally understood that justice is a virtue that protects

You decide Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

You decide - Essay Example not all will be able to use communication as a tool to improve one ’s self professionally, it is used in everyday living and is crucial to more important things. For instance, a relationship may be ruined if there is no proper communication or if there is a lack of it, or misunderstandings occur when one is not so articulate as to get the message through. One of the most important parts of communication probably is persuasive speaking. This is so considered due to the fact that people have the need to be understood and have other people agreeing or supporting one’s opinions. I consider this the most interesting part of our lesson because I think it is does not just involve the use of words but of emotion, logic and credibility. This is a truly challenging part of communication because it could show how much a speaker is informed about something and may reveal how a person processes information. I think it is also used daily in many forms because as mentioned earlier, people have the need to be understood and have their opinions supported by others. Therefore, a good reputation may help a lot for a speaker to be heard and believed. No one would definitely listen to a carpenter speaking about medicine but people will rely on information brought by a specialist known to have spent years of study in his field. Moreover, a display of emotion in persuasive speaking helps a lot. For instance, a scientist calls for support for a program that would help deter global warming; he might need to use emotions to convince listeners the need for the promotion. What is most interesting to me about persuasive speaking is the logic used behind it. During the process, a speaker should remember that his listeners do not believe the same things he does and it is his job to convince them and have them agree with him. One cannot just manipulate people to believe things as another person does or to agree with every word a speaker says but, through words and the display of

The impact of Nike on the international markets in comparison to the Essay

The impact of Nike on the international markets in comparison to the local markets - Essay Example The firm that is analyzed in the paper is Nike, Inc. as a firm that deals with design, improvement and marketing of different shoe types. Nike is regarded as the best seller in athletic shoes as well as athletic attire around the world. The company vends its commodities to retailers via its own retailer stores, internet marketing as well as through autonomous distributors and other licensed individuals and groups. The company vends approximately 18,000 retail records in the US through its retailers and distributors. The shoes that the firm deals in are specifically for athletic purposes. In addition, it makes other athletic shoes and attires for different games such as football and baseball. The company also vends other sporting accessories such as sporting or gaming bags and other protective gear utilized in various games. The principal competitors within this industry are Puma and Adidas, which offer the company numerous challenges in maintaining their high profile and sales. Since the adoption of Nike, in 1978, the company has extensively grown into a global company specialized in footwear and other products related to sports. The financial analysis of the corporation through scrutiny of its financial, income statements, as well as, balance sheets allows reviewing of the company financial health and other achievements over the years. Over the period, since the company establishment, the management of Nike has generated value for the shareholders through the progression of the company’s operations in overseas nations in an extensive manner. The company’s trading and earnings have surpassed the Wall Street approximations with respect to FY 06 (Stilga, 2006). The income for the company hit approximately $15 billion while its income per share hit a high up by 18 percent. In the last 5 years, the compounded rate per split elevated by 20 percent while the average of the gross margins came to 42 percent (Stilga, 2006). In the precedent year, the compa ny’s margins were 44 percent seeing an enormous rise in profits. Currently, the company’s management has optimized the wealth for its shareholders although the company performance in Nike’s footwear has declined. The footwear performance in the sector generated an average of approximately 14.25 percent whereas the progression in stock reached 10.48 percent (Stilga, 2006). In view of performance for the management, the performance can be considered not noteworthy provided the augment in share value serves as the point of reference. The Price to Book relative amount for Nike is 3.97 whereas the segment in which the corporation operates has a relative amount of 3.96. Similarly, the company has a Price to Tangible Book relative amount of about 4.26 whereas the sector that Nike operates presents a relative amount of about 4.44 (Stilga, 2006). The brand name and image of Nike is considered the strength of the company thus the competitive advantage. In addition, to the brand name and image of the company, the company has acquired other strong points in global operations. The company’s processes in international markets have gradually expanded coupled with innovations and creativity in fresh products. The operational expansions in global markets can also be ascribed to the capability in relating with its consumers. As a multinational company, Nike has impacted on almost all nations although it overseas ventures have raised concerns over claims in exploitation of its employees. The company gains a lot of revenues from global markets than its receives from the internal markets. The international operations of the company earned approximately $6.5 billion as compared to $5.1billion from its local or internal markets. Therefore, the international o

Gender Speech Community Essay Example for Free

Gender Speech Community Essay Abstract This research paper will focus on the human language. Human language is extremely significant for all peoples. My main topic for this paper is how we use and develop language, the production of language, language acquisition and the importance of the critical period. Chomsky, Skinner, and Whorf all had various theories on language but all had one major thing in common, which was the significance of language. Regardless of when or how language is developed; it is essential to have living in environment where every one using language to talk, learn and receive knowledge. The Ways in Which People Use and Develop Language and The Effects it May Have on a Person If a person does not develop oral language this will affect the way in which people communicate with other people. From birth throughout their lives time people are taught the uses of language and create a way of communication. Language is the main component for all humans. â€Å"The use of language-the communication of information through symbols arranged according to systematic rules-is a central cognitive ability, one that is indispensable for us to communicate with one another† (Stapel Semin, 2007; Hoff; 2008; Resiberg). Language is essential to how we communicate, think, and understand the world. Without language our ability to convey information, obtain knowledge and cooperate with others would be hindered. This paper looks at Chomsky, Benjamin Lee Whorf and B.J. Skinners theories on language acquisition and why language it is so important to have and what could happen to a person if he/she were isolated from society. In order to comprehend how language is created and relates to thought, we first need to know that the basic structure of language is grammar. Grammar is a set of rules that clarifies how our thoughts can be articulated. There are three main elements that go with grammar; they are phonology, syntax, and semantics. Phonology is the study of the smallest unit of speech called phonemes. Phonemes are the way we use sounds to form words and produce meaning. Syntax deals with how words and phrases can be united to form sentences and semantic rules allow us to express meanings to words. Feldman, Robert S. (2011). Although many people may have a hard time explaining the meanings of these words, we all subconsciously use grammar every day in a linguistic way! Language starts during infancy from three months through one-year- old. Children begin to make insignificant speech like sounds that is called babble. In the textbook Feldman, Robert S. (2011) stated that while babbling, they produce, at one time or another, any of the sounds found in all languages, not just the one to which are exposed. Even deaf children demonstrate their own form of babbling, who are incapable to hear, yet who are exposed to sign language from birth babble in their own way. In the same textbook I stated before Feldman, Robert S. (2011); indicates that babies’ babbling imitates the precise language being spoken in the infant’s environment which focuses more on the pitch and tone of the person talking to the child. As the baby gets older, he or she starts to specialize in the language that they were exposed to from birth. To support what I am saying I read an article called Language and Brain Development â€Å"Jump Start† copyright United Feature Syndicate stated that â€Å"a child is introduced to language virtually at the moment of birth. Children do not require explicit language instruction, but they do need exposure to language in order to develop normally. Children who do not receive linguistic input during their formative years do not achieve native like grammatical competence.† There were three theorists that had their own speculation on language acquisition but intertwined with my thesis. Let us begin with Noam Chomsky. Chomsky was a very well- known linguist. He believes that human brains have a language acquisition device that we are inborn with. All children are born with a universal grammar that makes them amenable to the common features of language because of this hard-wired background in grammar; children easily pick up a language when they are exposed to its particular grammar. Http://www.brighthubeducation.com/language-learning-tips/71728-noam-chomsky-language-acquisition-theories/. Basically Chomsky believed that all children develop language around the same age and all develop language skills rapidly and naturally. The next theorist was Benjamin Lee Whorf. Whorf’s theory is that children will learn language skills through interaction with others rather than obtain the knowledge involuntarily. He was recognized for his study that focused on a person’s thinking skills, how their ideas and expressions all depend on language. He anticipated a theory called â€Å"linguistic relativity.† This theory determines the way people think. In other words â€Å"â€Å"we think in terms of words or other symbols, and they are required as a precondition for a human to form an idea—or, at least, to express the idea to others. Although thinking involves mental manipulation of reality, it is heavily dependent upon words or other symbols.† Bergman. Jerry (Benjamin Lee Whorf: An Early Supporter of Creationism). My last theorist was B.F. Skinner. Skinner thought language is attained through standards of conditioning, association, imitation and, reinforcement. The difference from Chomsky and Skinner one believed he or she is born with language where Skinner believed that people have to be taught how to speak by some one’s language acquisition. All three theorists have their own assumptions on language acquisition. Chomsky believes we are born with the skills for language. Skinner believes children is learn through imitation that focuses on behavior and Whorf thought language was developed by interaction with peers rather than being born with it. The one major factor that they all share is the importance of language from birth. If children are deprived of language from the start they will suffer drastically, which proves my statement in the beginning; which was, children who are isolated from language and communication from the early ages will deal with major effects when they are older. A major period that some theorists believe is crucial for language development is called the critical period, which can cause many effects in learning language. From the article â€Å"Introduction Brain and Language† explained what the critical-age hypothesis was. This theory believes language is organically based and the capacity to learn your inhabitant language develops from birth to middle childhood. Subsequent to this period, the attainment of grammar is complicated for most people and never fully grasped. Children who are not exposed of language during this critical period will have a difficult time overcoming this deficit. This concept can be proved to be true in humans and other species. 22. Introduction Brain and Language gave an example of ducklings. For instance, from nine to twenty-one months after hatching, ducks will follow the first moving object they see regardless if it is a duck or not. This behavior did not come subconsciously but from an â€Å"external teaching, or intensive practice.† Other examples of the critical period that is strongly associated to language learning is the critical period in certain songbirds, e.g., zebra finches or white crowned sparrows (Marler, 1970). For children there have been cases that support this theory. For instance, there was a young boy who was isolated from society also known as the â€Å"wild† child. In the film produced by Francois Truffaut â€Å"The Wild Child† was based on a young boy named Victor. It was determined that he was left in forest and survived shockingly. (Language and Brain Development 23.) In the YouTube documentary we learned that Victor was not capable to speak or recognize language. He was brought to Paris where he was first put into a deaf school, but after Francois Truffaut observes Victor he believes he can hear and can be educated. After a while, Victor begins to gain some kind of language from being in society. (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_dA2W0SwIwY). Another perfect example that supports the conjecture of the critical period is a girl named Genie. Genie as well as Victor was a wild child. Genie was abused and isolated from all society from eighteen months to about fourteen years of age. Genie was restricted to a small room under terrible conditions and received minimal to none of human contact. Genie was not able to talk or knew any language at all. (Language and Brain Development 23) said â€Å"this linguistic inability could simply be caused by the fact that these children received no linguistic input, showing that language acquisition, though an innate, neurologically based ability, must be triggered by input from the environment.† Like Victor, Genie learned some kind of language but lacked â€Å"grammatical structure.† Possessing language is essential to have living in a society. Without language you would not be able to communicate, give, and receive knowledge. For instance Genie; in (Introduction Brain and Language) said â€Å"The cases of Genie and other isolated children, as well as deaf late learners of ASL, show that children cannot fully acquire language unless they are exposed to it within the critical period—a biologically determined window of opportunity during which time the brain is prepared to develop language.† People use and develop language in their lives and it is important to have developed it in an early age. References Feldman, Robert S. (2011). Essentials of Understanding Psychology â€Å"Jump Start† copyright . United Feature Syndicate. Reprinted with permission. Introduction Brain and Language http://suite101.com/article/how-we-learn-language-a158847 Aitchinson, Jean (1976). The Articulate Mammal: An Introduction to Psycholinguistics. London: Hutchinson Co. http://www.healthofchildren.com/L/Language-Development.html http://www.icr.org/article/6391/ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_dA2W0SwIwY